ThePharmaFacts

              Local Anesthetics : (LA)      - These agents prevent generation and conduction of nerve impulses at the site of application or injection    - This leads to loss of sensation which is reversible    - Also causes absence of pain sensation at specific location without loss of consciousness hence also known as "Local Analgesics"         Routes of Administration :     i) Topical Anaesthesia (Surface)    ii) Intravenous (IV) - Either for regional nerve block or for large region block    iii) Spinal Anaesthesia (Within spinal theca)         Mechanism of Action of LA :    i) Generation and propagation of nerve impulses at the site of action on cell membrane are blocked    ii) Blocking of Na/K ATPase enzyme leads to Na & K ions influx & outflux restriction respectively therefore membrane stabilization   ...

                Patients all over world are facing tremendous health care hazards that are caused by the Severe Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic. Remdesivir {First described in 2016} is the first approved treatment for severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). It is a " Novel Nucleoside Analog " with a broad antiviral activity spectrum among RNA viruses, including Ebolavirus (EBOV) and Respiratory Pathogens like the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV), SARS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2. In vivo, Remdesivir showed therapeutic as well as prophylactic effects in animal models of EBOV, MERS-CoV, SARS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2 infection. However, the substance failed to some extent in a clinical trial on ebola virus disease (EVD), where it was inferior to investigational monoclonal antibodies in an interim analysis. As there was no placebo control in this study, no conclusions on its efficacy in EVD can be ...

Regulation of Secretion:     -Thyroid hormone secretion is controlled by Anterior Pituitary gland via thyrotropin or TSH.    -TSH is stimulated by TRH which is secreted from Hypothalamus.    -Somatostatin from Hypothalamus, T3 & T4 inhibits Anterior Pituitary gland directly from releasing TSH while only T3 & T4 inhibits Hypothalamus to release TRH.    -The action of TRH on Pituitary Gland & TSH on Thyroid gland is mediated by enhanced cAMP synthesis.    -Higher concentration of TSH acts via IP3/DAG Pathway & Mediate intracellular calcium pathway in thyroid cell. Mechanism of Action:    -Thyroid hormones bind to ligand-binding domain of thyroid hormone receptor (TR) & and it heterodimerizes with retinoid X receptor (RXR).    -Then it undergoes conformational changes releasing 'corepressor' & binding with 'coactivator'.    -This induces gene transcription followed by Production of ...

  Thyroid Hormones: Analogues & Their Inhibitors    Thyroid gland:    - Location: front of Neck, below the Adam's Apple (larynx).   - butterfly-shaped gland.   - it is composed of Million clusters of follicles.   - a follicle is a structure having epithelial cells surrounding a central mass (colloid).   - Epithelial cells:          (i) follicular cells[T3 & T4]         (ii) parafollicular cells [calcitonin]   - having two lobes; either on the windpipe (trachea).   Thyroid Hormone Actions:    i.Growth & Development   ii.Intermediary metabolism (lipid,carbohydrate & protein metabolism)   iii.Caloriegenesis-production of heat via digestion of food or action of several hormones thus BMR increases   iv.Haemopoiesis   v.Modulate gene transcription   Synthesis, Storage & Release of Thyroid Hormones:     1.Iodine uptake/Trapping: ...

The Covid-19 Vaccine Race: Phase I: 1.BEIJING MINHAI BIOTECHNOLOGY (CHINA) INACTIVATED VACCINE A Phase 1 trial of this vaccine started on 2 October, with 180 health people aged over 18 years. The trial is being done in Jiangsu, China. 2.IMMUNITYBIO AND NANTKWEST (USA) VIRAL VECTOR VACCINE The company is planning to launch a Phase 1 trial in California this month with people aged up to 55 years. It is an adenovirus (Ad5) vaccine designed to deliver both spike protein and nucleocapsid DNA to drive both cellular and antibody immunity. Earlier this year, it was chosen to be part of Operation Warp Speed to rapidly develop vaccines in the USA. 3.REITHERA (ITALY) VIRAL VECTOR VACCINE The Italian biotechnology company ReiThera has developed a COVID-19 vaccine, called GRAd-COV2, based on an adenovirus that infects gorillas. In collaboration with the Lazzaro Spallanzani National Institute for Infectious Diseases, they launched a Phase 1 trial at the end of July. 4.CANSINO BIOLOGICS/ACADEMY OF MI...

Vaccine Manufacturing: Clinical Trials           Scientists around the world are continuously working on COVID Pandemic Vaccine Development; out of that, some vaccine markers are very close to accurate results. Around the world, more than 23 million Covid cases are found and 800,000+ deaths globally, Over the World more than 150 labs are constantly working on developing Covid-19 Vaccine. No one other than Russia has declared his vaccine is the safest vaccine over the Covid-19 pandemic. Apart from this vaccine development; the second largest problem to healthcare systems is, how to make this vaccine available to the global population at an affordable cost. Clinical trials: Clinical trial is an investigation of a newly discovered drug on a human subject on a human subject, and reporting its safety and efficacy. It is carried out in the following ways It is carried out in the following ways:     After successfully completing of Preclinical Phase...